Interactions between commercial food and drink companies¹ and professionals and bodies responsible for improving public health and health promotion have generated concerns for decades^1–3. These interactions are often hailed as unique opportunities to make a difference to the public’s health that would otherwise not be possible without industry involvement³. In late 2018, a series of events attracted considerable media attention in the United Kingdom and beyond. In September, Public Health England announced their partnership with the alcohol industry-funded body DrinkAware on a campaign called ‘Drink Free Days’, which has the stated aim of helping people cut down on the amount of alcohol they are regularly drinking. This partnership was met with much criticism – with Public Health England’s alcohol adviser, Sir Ian Gilmore, resigning from this role because of concerns that such interactions with alcohol industry actors and related industry-funded organisations come at the expense of public health⁴. Then, in late November, Diabetes UK announced that it had joined forces with sugar-sweetened beverage manufacturer Britvic in a three-year partnership. Again, this interaction was met with much public criticism, which Diabetes UK has rejected⁵. On a more positive note, in October 2018 the Dieticians Association of Australia terminated partnerships with food manufacturers and industry associations following long-standing criticism and internal member advocacy⁶.

Such interactions with industry are also common among individual researchers. In a recent article published in the British Medical Journal, van Tulleken reported that cow’s milk allergy may be acting as a Trojan horse for the €44bn global breastmilk substitute industry to forge relationships with healthcare professionals in the UK and around the world⁷. He further highlighted that many of those involved in producing milk allergy guidelines declared interests with breastmilk substitute manufacturers either at the time of writing or subsequently. A series of recent studies have highlighted links between nutrition researchers and Coca Cola^8,9, contributing to a narrative that pushes policy towards measures to increase exercise by children, which is of course a good thing, while deflecting attention from the role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity and poor nutrition. Such interactions between public health, paediatric and nutrition experts and commercial food and drink companies can undermine trust in researchers and their scientific integrity^10,11.

Concerns about interactions between researchers and commercial food and drink companies are well-founded as corporate interests typically prioritise investing in research that supports their policy and legal positions, and this can divert research attention away from questions that are more pressing for public health^12,13. Such interactions are also more likely to lead to findings that confirm the benefits or lack of harm of the sponsor’s products¹⁴, even when independently sponsored research comes to differing conclusions. As early as 1965 the US sugar industry began funding research to downplay the role of sugar as a dietary risk factor for coronary heart disease, shifting the focus towards cholesterol and fat instead, with decades-long implications for nutrition guidance and policy¹⁵. A Cochrane review concluded that industry sponsored studies more often report findings in a direction that favours the sponsor¹⁶. Similarly, in a systematic review of the effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health, the authors found that studies funded by the food industry reported significantly smaller effects than did non–industry-funded studies¹⁷. Such industry-funded research generates doubt among scientists, policy-makers and the public by generating conflicting or confusing results¹⁸. In the light of these and other revelations, members of the public are increasingly sceptical about research that is supported by commercial funding¹⁹, as are members of the research community²⁰.

An important element of maintaining public trust in the scientific process and the credibility of published articles is whether conflicts of interest are transparently disclosed during the planning, implementation, writing, peer review, editing, and publication of scientific work. Determining what constitutes a conflict of interest can be difficult for researchers and editors as there is limited guidance available. However, when researchers receive funding from a commercial company to undertake research related to their products, brand or area of interest, a conflict of interest exists²¹. Although this seems obvious, a number of corporations have supported positions that seek to dismiss concerns about such conflicts by arguing that everyone has some interest, for example, in progressing their scientific reputation to attract further funding, so commercial sponsorship should not raise particular concerns²².

Procedures for the reporting of conflicts of interest are covered within the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) guidelines. Where authors do not conform to ICJME guidelines, journal editors must take responsibility for encouraging full disclosure. A common sentiment within the research community is that transparency is the key to appropriately managing and avoiding conflicts of interest; that is, as long as the authors are fully transparent, then readers can make up their own minds about conflicts of interest. However, this sentiment fails to acknowledge the limited understanding both academic and clinical researchers have on this issue^23,24. Of particular concern is the limited awareness of how research funding and unconscious bias work together. This relationship can result in researchers being influenced by funding even when they think they are being unbiased²⁵. Further limitations of disclosure are apparent from research showing that it may give licence to researchers to exaggerate their findings, while reviewers often fail to take adequate account of its significance²⁶.

Recently in a scientific article published ahead of print in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, the authors of the article stated that they had “no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose” despite declaring that the writing of the article was supported by Nestlé Nutrition Institute²⁷. This Institute has clear links with Nestlé²⁸, the world’s biggest breast-milk substitute and complementary baby food manufacturer²⁹, and therefore it has a clear financial interest in the study³⁰. We wrote a Letter to the Editor of the journal to raise our concerns about how conflicts of interest were reported therein. The Editor declined to accept our letter for publication asserting that the authors had disclosed their funding source and that readers could apply their own interpretation. The Editor further stated that the Editorial Board would critically review and question conflict of interest (COI) statements where questions may arise, but added that COI declaration remains the responsibility of the authors (personal communications). While COI is the responsibility of the authors to declare, it is the responsibility of the journal to have robust policies and to clearly explain them in a way that leaves no room for ambiguity.

The practice of declaring no conflicts of interest while also reporting financial support from vested interests is not uncommon in early life nutrition research. This occurs despite the World Health Organisation highlighting the need to avoid conflicts of interest in all areas relating to infant and young child feeding in at least eight World Health Assembly resolutions. In a paper outlining the recommendations of an International Expert Group around follow-up formula for infants, several authors reported financial ties with breast-milk substitute companies yet declared that “none of the authors reports a conflict of interest”³¹. Shortcomings in editorial policies toward conflicts of interest (financial and nonfinancial) of editors and other staff involved in manuscript decisions have previously been highlighted³². Indeed, the ICJME guidelines that that all those involved in the peer-review and publication process, including authors, peer reviewers, editors, and editorial board members of journals, must consider their conflicts of interest and disclose all relationships that could be viewed as conflicts of interest.

Researchers and journals have important responsibilities regarding conflicts of interest³³. It is time to for researchers, journals, funders and others involved in the research process, to engage more critically with the challenges of conflicts of interest in research. This requires clear understanding of what is, and is not, a conflict of interest, how to identify them, the impacts of conflicts of interest on scientific integrity, how to prevent them, and greater transparency in the reporting of conflicts of interest in research, something that is often lacking³⁴. Journal editors in particular have an important responsibility in fully understanding how conflicts of interest can impact on research findings and the credibility of published articles for journals and authors.

Clear guidelines on managing interactions with commercial food and drink companies, including avoidance of damaging conflicts of interest, are urgently needed. Journals will need to play an important role in implementing such guidance. To aid in this process, a project funded by the UK’s Medical Research Council has reviewed evidence and built international consensus on the principles that underpin governance of interactions between researchers and commercial food and drink companies. Guidance for researchers, journals and funders will be published in 2019³⁵. It will enable researchers to identify and assess conflicts of interest at different stages of the research process and suggests governance strategies to manage these.

Journals – as well as research institutions, professional bodies and funders – should use this forthcoming guidance to formulate or update their own conflict of interest policies and ensure that authors, peer reviewers, editors, and editorial board members abide by these to promote trust in the scientific process and the credibility of published articles.

Disclaimer

The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s). Publication in HRB Open Research does not imply endorsement by the Health Research Board of Ireland.